Some solvents used in consumer products are linked to neurological problems and increased cancer risk.
What are they?
Solvents are a diverse class of chemicals that are used to dissolve or disperse other substances.
Some solvents of concern include aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (e.g., toluene, xylene, benzene) and halogenated organic solvents (e.g., methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene).
Where are they found?
Products containing solvents include oil-based paints, paint strippers, adhesives, wood finishes, shoe polish, cosmetics, markers, aerosols, nail polish remover, garment dry cleaning, sealants, and household cleaners.
What are the health concerns?
Breathing solvent vapors may lead to temporary nervous system symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, and brain fog. Long-term occupational exposure to some solvents (including methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and benzene) increases cancer risk. Exposure to high levels of the main solvent traditionally used in paint strippers (methylene chloride) without adequate ventilation can lead to asphyxiation or death. However, even lower-level exposure to some solvents may lead to permanent harm. For example, early life exposure to perchloroethylene in drinking water is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental effects.
How are we exposed?
Solvents evaporate from products and become mixed with the air we breathe. We can also absorb them through skin contact. Some solvents, particularly perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene, are common groundwater contaminants and can end up in drinking water. People who work with gasoline, paints, finishes, and dry cleaning products are at the greatest risk of problematic solvent exposure.
What are the environmental concerns?
These solvents enter the environment by emissions from product use, dry cleaning, gasoline, and metal degreasing industries and by spills or accidental releases to air, soil and water. They react in the atmosphere in sunlight, producing ground-level ozone which is a main component of smog and negatively affects human, animal and plant health. Chlorinated solvents are slow to break down in soil, posing a threat to groundwater aquifers and ecosystems. In fact, trichloroethylene is the most common organic contaminant found in groundwater.
Should they be used?
When toxic solvents are phased out, they are often replaced with similar solvents. For example, most paint removers have moved away from methylene chloride, but now include other problematic aromatic solvents like xylene, toluene and ethylbenzene.
Instead of regrettable substitutions, water-based products and other safer alternatives exist for many uses. For example, water-based paints can be used instead of oil-based paints and professional “wet cleaning” can be done instead of conventional dry cleaning which uses perchloroethylene or hydrocarbon solvents..